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Chapter 2 - Part 1 - PPT - Mano & Kime - 2nd EdSlide 1 Lecture 23 Registers and Register TransfersLecture 23 Registers and Register Transfers
Slide 2 OverviewOverview Registers and load enable Register transfer operations Micro-operations Arithmetic, logic, and shift Micro-operations on a single register Multiplexer-based transfers Shift registers
Slide 3 RegistersRegisters Register a collection of binary storage elements Sequential logic which can be defined by a state table Stores a vector of binary values Frequently used to perform simple data storage and data movement and processing operations
Slide 4 Register Design ModelsRegister Design Models Designing with registers? Add predefined combinational circuits to registers Example: To count up, connect the register flip-flops to an incrementer Design individual cells using the state diagram/state table model and combine them into a register A 1-bit cell has just two states Output is usually the state variable
Slide 5 Register StorageRegister Storage Expectations: A register can store information for multiple clock cycles To store or load information should be controlled by a signal Reality: A D flip-flop register loads information on every clock cycle Realizing expectations: Use a signal to block the clock to the register, Use a signal to control feedback of the output of the register back to its inputs, or Use other SR or JK flip-flops which for (0,0) applied store their state Load is a frequent name for the signal that controls register storage and loading Load = 1: Load the values on the data inputs Load = 0: Store the values in the register
Slide 6 Registers with Clock GatingRegisters with Clock Gating Load signal is used to enable the clock signal to pass through if 1 and prevent the clock signal from passing through if 0. Example: For Positive Edge-Triggered or Negative Pulse Master-Slave Flip-flop: What logic is needed for gating? What is the problem? Clock Load Gated Clock to FF Clock Skew of gated clocks with respect to clock or each other Gated Clock = Clock + Load Do not use clock gating in this course!
Slide 7 Registers with Load-Controlled FeedbackA more reliable way to selectively load a register: Run the clock continuously, and Selectively use a load control to change the register contents. Example: 2-bit register with Load Control: For Load = 0, loads register contents (hold current values) For Load = 1, loads input values (load new values) Hardware more complex than clock gating, but free of timing problems Registers with Load-Controlled Feedback C D Q C D Q Clock In0 In1 A1 A0 Y1 Y0 Load 2-to-1 Multiplexers
Slide 8 Register Transfer OperationsRegister Transfer Operations Register Transfer Operations The movement and processing of data stored in registers Three basic components: set of registers operations control of operations Elementary Operations -- load, count, shift, add, bitwise "OR", etc. Elementary operations called micro-operations
Slide 9 Register NotationRegister Notation Letters and numbers denotes a register (ex. R2, PC, IR) Parentheses ( ) denotes a range of register bits (ex. R1(1), PC(7:0), AR(L)) Arrow () denotes data transfer (ex. R1 R2, PC(L) R0) Comma separates parallel operations Brackets [ ] Specifies a memory address For example R0 M[AR] R 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 15 8 7 0 15 0 PC(H) PC(L) R2
Slide 10 Conditional TransferConditional Transfer If (K1 =1) then (R2 R1) is shortened to K1: (R2 R1) where K1 is a control variable specifying a conditional execution of the micro-operation. R1 R2 K 1 Clock Load n Clock K1 Transfer Occurs Here No Transfers Occur Here
Slide 11 Micro-operationsMicro-operations Types of micro-operations: Transfer - move data from one set of registers to another Arithmetic - perform arithmetic on data in registers Logic - manipulate data or use bitwise logical operations Shift - shift data in registers Arithmetic operations + Addition Subtraction * Multiplication / Division Logical operations Logical OR Logical AND Logical Exclusive OR Not
Slide 12 Example Micro-operationsExample Micro-operations Add the content of R1 to the content of R2 and place the result in R1. R1 R1 + R2 Multiply the content of R1 by the content of R6 and place the result in PC. PC R1 * R6 Exclusive OR the content of R1 with the content of R2 and place the result in R1. R1 R1 R2
Slide 13 Example Micro-operations (Continued)Example Micro-operations (Continued) Take the 1's Complement of the contents of R2 and place it in the PC. PC R2 On condition K1 OR K2, the content of R1 is Logic bitwise Ored with the content of R3 and the result placed in R1. (K1 + K2): R1 R1 R3 NOTE: "+" (as in K1 + K2) and means OR. In R1 R1 + R3, + means plus.
Slide 14 Control ExpressionsControl Expressions The control expression for an operation appears to the left of the operation and is separated from it by a colon Control expressions specify the logical condition for the operation to occur Control expression values of: Logic "1" -- the operation occurs. Logic "0" -- the operation is does not occur. Example: X K1 : R1 R1 + R2 X K1 : R1 R1 + R2 + 1 Variable K1 enables the add or subtract operation. If X =0, then X =1 so X K1 = 1, activating the addition of R1 and R2. If X = 1, then X K1 = 1, activating the addition of R1 and the two's complement of R2 (subtract).
Slide 15 Arithmetic Micro-operationsArithmetic Micro-operations From Table 7-3: Note that any register may be specified for source 1, source 2, or destination. These simple micro-operations operate on the whole word Symbolic Designation Description R0 ¬ R1 + R2 Addition R0 ¬ R1 Ones Complement R0 ¬ R1 + 1 Two's Complement R0 ¬ R2 + R1 + 1 R2 minus R1 (2's Comp) R1 ¬ R1 + 1 Increment (count up) R1 ¬ R1 1 Decrement (count down)
Slide 16 Logical Micro-operationsLogical Micro-operations From Table 7-4: Symbolic Designation Description R0 ¬ R1 Bitwise NOT R0 ¬ R1 Ú R2 Bitwise OR (sets bits) R0 ¬ R1 Ù R2 Bitwise AND (clears bits) R0 ¬ R1 Å R2 Bitwise EXOR (complements bits)
Slide 17 Logical Micro-operations (continued)Logical Micro-operations (continued) Let R1 = 10101010, and R2 = 11110000 Then after the operation, R0 becomes:
Slide 18 Shift Micro-operationsShift Micro-operations From Table 7-5: Let R2 = 11001001 Then after the operation, R1 becomes: Symbolic Designation Description R1 ¬ sl R2 Shift Left R1 ¬ sr R2 Shift Right R1 Operation 10010010 R1 ¬ sl R2 01100100 R1 ¬ sr R2 Note: These shifts "zero fill". Sometimes a separate flip-flop is used to provide the data shifted in, or to catch the data shifted out. Other shifts are possible (rotates, arithmetic) (see Chapter 11).
Slide 19 Register Transfer StructuresRegister Transfer Structures Multiplexer-Based Transfers One of multiple inputs selected Bus-Based Transfers Multiple inputs are selected by a shared multiplexer driving a bus that feeds inputs to multiple registers Three-State Bus Multiple inputs are selected by 3-state drivers with outputs connected to a bus that feeds multiple registers Other Transfer Structures Use multiple multiplexers, multiple buses, and combinations of all the above
Mux-based covered here Other three will be covered in the next lecture (lecture 24)
Slide 20 Multiplexer-Based TransfersMultiplexer-Based Transfers Multiplexers connected to register inputs produce flexible transfer structures (Note: Clocks are omitted for clarity) The transfers are: K1: R0 R1 K2 K1: R0 R2 Load R0 n MUX S K 2 0 1 Load Load n n K 1 R2 R1
Slide 21 Shift RegistersShift Registers Shift Registers move data laterally within the register toward its MSB or LSB position In the simplest case, the shift register is simply a set of D flip-flops connected in a row like this: Data input, In, is called a serial input or the shift right input. Data output, Out, is often called the serial output. The vector (A, B, C, Out) is called the parallel output.
Slide 22 Shift Registers (continued)Shift Registers (continued) The behavior of the serial shift register is given in the listing on the lower right T0 is the register state just before the first clock pulse occurs T1 is after the first pulse and before the second. Initially unknown states are denoted by ? D Q D Q D Q D Q In Clock CP A B C Out CP In A B C Out T0 0 ? ? ? ? T1 1 0 ? ? ? T2 1 1 0 ? ? T3 0 1 1 0 ? T4 1 T5 1 T6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
ROW T4: 10110 Row T5: 11011 Row T6: 11101
Slide 23 Parallel Load Shift RegistersParallel Load Shift Registers By adding a mux between each shift register stage, data can be shifted or loaded If SHIFT is low, A and B are replaced by the data on DA and DB lines, else data shifts right on each clock. By adding more bits, we can make n-bit parallel load shift registers. A parallel load shift register with an added hold operation that stores data unchanged is given in Figure 7-10 of the text. D Q D Q A B CP SHIFT IN DA DB
Slide 24 Shift Registers with Additional FunctionsBy placing a 4-input multiplexer in front of each D flip-flop in a shift register, we can implement a circuit with shifts right, shifts left, parallel load, hold. Shift registers can also be designed to shift more than a single bit position right or left Shift register can be designed to shift a variable number of bit positions specified by a variable called a shift amount. Shift Registers with Additional Functions
Slide 25 SummarySummary Registers and load enable Register transfer operations Micro-operations Arithmetic, logic, and shift Micro-operations on a single register Multiplexer-based transfers Shift registers
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